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Many countries are navigating the socio-economic spillovers from the conflict in the Middle East with restricted policy space, constrained by weak public finances, inadequate access to international support and an intensifying debt-development trade-off. This policy brief outlines the main global trends and transmission channels of this external shock and uses reporting and survey data from across UN Country Teams to examine how it compounds existing crises. The brief also highlights how these overlapping pressures affect countries’ exposure and response capacity, and sets out their policy priorities and how the UN system is supporting countries in navigating a context of compounding crises.